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Sluggishness, slowed speech, drowsiness, in severe cases, coma or death Impaired judgment, loss of coordination, dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness Possible dependence, accompanied by severe “crash” with depression as drug effects wear off, particularly if smoked or injectedĭepressants: Depressants change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and the reticular formation.Ĭalming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate and respiration Has major negative health effects if smoked or chewed Stimulants: Stimulants block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. Some psychoactive drugs are agonists, which mimic the operation of a neurotransmitter some are antagonists, which block the action of a neurotransmitter and some work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters at the synapse. Psychoactive drugs affect consciousness by influencing how neurotransmitters operate at the synapses of the central nervous system (CNS). As you can see in Table 6.1, “Psychoactive Drugs by Class,” the four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. Psychoactive drugs are also frequently prescribed as sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and antianxiety medications, and they may be taken illegally for recreational purposes. These drugs are commonly found in everyday foods and beverages, including chocolate, coffee, and soft drinks, as well as in alcohol and in over-the-counter drugs, such as aspirin, Tylenol, and cold and cough medication. Review the evidence regarding the dangers of recreational drugs.Ī psychoactive drug is a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods.Summarize the major psychoactive drugs and their influences on consciousness and behaviour.Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition Psychology in Our Social Livesġ5.1 Social Cognition: Making Sense of Ourselves and Othersġ5.2 Interacting With Others: Helping, Hurting, and Conformingġ5.3 Working With Others: The Costs and Benefits of Social Groupsġ6.3 Stress, Health, and Coping in the Workplace Treating Psychological Disordersġ4.1 Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapyġ4.2 Reducing Disorder Biologically: Drug and Brain Therapyġ4.3 Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situationġ4.4 Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works?Ĭhapter 15. Defining Psychological Disordersġ3.1 Psychological Disorder: What Makes a Behaviour Abnormal?ġ3.2 Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders: Fearing the World Around Usġ3.4 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousnessġ3.6 Somatoform, Factitious, and Sexual DisordersĬhapter 14.
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Introduction to Major PerspectivesĢ.4 Humanist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Psychologyģ.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Researchģ.2 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviourģ.3 You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological ResearchĤ.1 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous SystemĤ.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and BehaviourĤ.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different MethodsĤ.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine Systemĥ.1 We Experience Our World through Sensationĥ.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in PerceptionĦ.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for ActionĦ.2 Altering Consciousness with Psychoactive Drugsħ.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learningħ.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identityħ.4 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Livesħ.5 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and BereavementĨ.1 Learning by Association: Classical ConditioningĨ.2 Changing Behaviour through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant ConditioningĨ.4 Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behaviourĩ.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memoryĩ.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognitionġ0.2 The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligenceġ0.3 Communicating with Others: The Development and Use of Languageġ1.3 Positive Emotions: The Power of Happinessġ1.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Matingġ2.1 Personality and Behaviour: Approaches and Measurementġ2.3 Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Behavioural and Molecular GeneticsĬhapter 13. 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and QuestionsĬhapter 2.